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Kitchiner. William - The rare first with a letter signed by Kitchener
APICIUS REDIVIVUS; OR, THE COOK'S ORACLE:
Wherein especially THE ART OF COMPOSING SOUPS, SAUCES, AND FLAVOURING ESSENCES IS MADE SO CLEAR AND EASY, BY THE QUANTITY OF EACH ARTICLE BEING ACCURATELY STATED BY WEIGHT AND MEASURE, THAT EVERY ONE MAY SOON LEARN TO DRESS A DINNER, AS WELL AS THE MOST EXPERIENCED COOK; Being Six Hundred Receipts, THE RESULT OF ACTUAL EXPERIMENTS INSTITUTED IN THE KITCHEN OF A PHYSICIAN, FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPOSING A CULINARY CODE FOR THE RATIONAL EPICURE, AND AUGMENTING The Alimentary Enjoyments of Private Families; COMBINING ECONOMY WITH ELEGANCE; SAVING EXPENSE TO HOUSEKEEPERS, AND TROUBLE TO SERVANTS. "I have taken as much pains in describing, in the fullest manner, how to make, in the easiest, most agreeable, and the most economical way, those Dishes which con-tribute to the comforts of the middle rank of Society, as I have in directing the preparation of those piquante and elaborate relishes, the most ingenious accom-plished "Officers of the Mouth" have invented for the amusement of Grands Gourmands. These are so composed, as to be as agreeable and useful to the stomach, as they are inviting to the appetite; nourishing without being inflammatory, and savoury without being surfieting" - vide PREFACE. page 3. LONDON; PRINTED FOR SAMUEL BAGSTER, NO.15, PATERNASTER-ROW, By J. Moyes, Grenville Street. 1817.
FIRST EDITION: 154x98mm. Unpaginated -- [a-b]12 [c]2 [B-Q]12 [R]4 - 210 Leaves. Four engraved plates. two with illustrations, two with text, describing quartering the ox, the calf, the sheep and the pig. With 2 feps. A good clean copy with some small ink stains on the Title page. Some manuscript notes on margins of Preface Page. Full dark brown nineteenth century calf with neat cross checked blind tooling with gilt lines at the edges. The spine with early elaborate gilt tooling sometime neatly re-laid. With a dark red label and gilt lettering. There are some ink marks to the title page that do not detract also some manuscript notes on the next page that do not affect the text. A nice copy of the very scarce 1st edition, elevating it to rarity with the topical letter signed by Kitchiner.
- The autograph letter signed 'Wm. Kitchiner', to 'My dear friend' thanking him for his zeal on behalf of Mr Harris. He goes on --- "You will be glad to hear that your old friend 'The Cook's Oracle' has recovered a state of health that he hardly ever hoped for, and in the course of this next week will pay a visit to Longmans about your book" Dated 8th Oct 1826. Measuring 4x3" x 2 folding pages, in good condition, with a newspaper advertisement for Ude's 'The French Cook.'

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Antiquarian category

ref number: 10970

Kitchiner. Dr William - With a hand written letter signed by Kitchiner.
THE ART OF INVIGORATING AND PROLONGING LIFE,
BY FOOD, CLOTHES, AIR, EXERCISE, WINE SLEEP, &C. AND PEPTIC PRECEPTS, POINTING OUT AGREEABLE AND EFFECTUAL METHODS TO PREVENT AND RELIEVE INDIGESTION, AND TO REGULATE AND STRENGTHEN THE ACTION OF THE BOWELS. Suaviter in mode, fortitier in re. TO WHICH IS ADDED, THE PLEASURE OF MAKING A WILL. Finis coronat opus. BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE COOK'S ORACLE," &C.&C.&C. THIRD EDITION, ENLARGED. LONDON PRINTED FOR HURST, ROBINSON, AND CO. AND CONSTABLE AND CO. EDINBURGH. 1822.
106 x 174mm. 2feps modern, with a tipped in hand written letter signed by Kitchiner. Half title. Verso with printer's info. Title page. [1] 1p Dedication. {1] (1)viii Preface. 1p Contents. Verso advertisement for 'The Cook's Oracle'. (1)2-288. (1)290-298. 2p Advertisements. 2fep modern. Nice modern bottle green half calf with cloth boards and calf tips. Spine with raised bands, gilt lines and gilt writing in two compartments. The top of the text block has been clipped with no loss except for the chart on p144 which has half the first line clipped. The title page slightly age browned but overall a nice copy.
- William Kitchiner M.D. (1775–1827) One of the great Regency eccentrics, was an optician, inventor of telescopes, amateur musician and exceptional cook. His name was a household word during the 19th century. His best known cookbook is ‘Apicius Redivivus, or the Cook's Oracle’. It includes 11 ketchup recipes, including two each for mushroom, walnut and tomato, and one each for cucumber, oyster, cockle and mussel ketchups. Unlike most food writers of the time he cooked the food himself washed up afterward, even performing all the household tasks he wrote about. He traveled around with his portable cabinet of taste; a folding cabinet, containing spices, mustards and sauces. He was also the creator of the Wow-Wow sauce. But Kitchiner was not a mere book publishing cook: he practised what he taught, and he had ample means for the purpose. From his father, a coal-merchant with an extensive business in the Strand, he had inherited a fortune of £60,000 or £70,000 (converted to 2017 rates, amounting to £5,502,155.56) which was more than sufficient to enable him to work out his ideal of life. His heart overflowed with benevolence and good humour, and no man better understood the art of making his friends happy. He showed equal tact in his books: his 'Cook's Oracle' is full of practical common-sense; and lest his reader should stray into excess, he wrote this book ‘The Art of Invigorating and Prolonging Life’. With his ample fortune, Kitchiner was still an economist, and wrote a ‘Housekeeper's Ledger’, a 'Traveller's Oracle', and a coaxing volume entitled ‘The Pleasures of Making a Will’. He also wrote on astronomy, telescopes, and spectacles. In music he was proficient. In 1820, at the coronation of George IV, he published a collection of the National Songs of Great Britain, a folio volume, with a splendid dedication plate to His Majesty. Next he edited The Sea Songs of Charles Dibdin. At this time he resided at No. 43, Warren-street, Fitzroy-square. Though always an epicure, and fond of experiments in cookery, exceedingly particular in the choice of his viands and their mode of preparation for the table, Kitchiner was regular even abstemious in his general habits. His dinners were cooked according to his own method; He dined at five, supper was served at half-past nine and at eleven he retired. Every Tuesday evening he gave a conversazione, at which he delighted in bringing together professors and amateurs of the sciences and polite arts. On the 26th of February 1827, he was a guest at a large dinner-party given by Mr. Braham, the celebrated singer. He had been in high spirits, and had enjoyed the company to a later hour than his usually early habits allowed. Mathews was present, and rehearsed a portion of a new comic entertainment, which induced Kitchiner to amuse the party with some of his whimsical reasons for inventing odd things, and giving them odd names. He returned home, was suddenly taken ill, and in an hour he was no more! The handwritten letter was penned one year before his death in 1827 aged fifty two. Kitchiner is asking his correspondent to call upon Sir A. Carlisle "to hear his plan for a 'Book of Health'. Signed 'Wm Kitchiner Dec 23rd. 26. 43. Warren St. The relevant tipped-in note from Kitchiner gives this item an interesting rarity.

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Antiquarian category

ref number: 11099

Kitchiner. Dr William - The least known of Kitchiner's books.
THE SHILLING KITCHINER
OR ORACLE OF COOKERY FOR THE MILLION WITH DR. KITCHINER'S CELEBRATED ADVICE TO COOKS AND OTHER SERVANTS BY THE EDITORS OF "THE DICTIONARY OF DAILY WANTS" LONDON HOULSTON AND WRIGHT 65, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXI
FIRST AND SOLE EDITION 1861. 110 X 174mm. 1fep modern. Frontispiece missing. Title page with chipped edges wrapped in tissue guard; no text loss. Verso with printer's info. (1)2-188. (1)190-196 Index; all pages with chipped edges wrapped in tissue guard; no text loss. 1p Advertisements with chipped edges wrapped in tissue guard; no text loss. 2feps modern. All pages slightly browned throughout. pages 131-196 with a small brown stain on bottom outer corners. Modern half tan morocco with marbled boards and morocco tips. Spine with raised bands and gilt tooling in the compartments. Red label with gilt lines and writing.
- Kitchiner's who passed away in 1827 could not have written this book that eventually got published in 1861. The well known maitre chef de cuisine of the Reform Club - Alexis Soyer, had his famous little book 'A Shilling Cookery for the People' published first in 1855. This book of Kitchener's is his least known but well within character, as he was famous for not only his generosity but also his frugality. It appears to be a possible compilation of Kitchener's papers by the editors. There are no entries in Cagle, Bitting, Attar, Lehman, Hazlitt nor Pennell. Although Quayle devotes twelve pages to Kitchiner, his books and recipes, there is no mention of this title. A fine detailed recipe book with advice and household hints for the less well off. Unlike Soyer's 'Shilling Cookery for the People" which had numerous print runs and can still be found quite regularly in various auctions this Kitchener title does not. Due to the scarcity of copies appearing on the market, it must be considered very scarce to rare.

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Antiquarian category

ref number: 11100

Kitchiner. William - Very handsome copy with Kitchiner letter.
THE COOK'S ORACLE:
CONTAINING RECEIPTS FOR PLAIN COOKERY ON THE MOST ECONOMICAL PLAN FOR PRIVATE FAMILIES, ALSO THE ART OF COMPOSING THE MOST SIMPLE, AND MOST HIGHLY FINISHED Broths, Gravies, Soups, Sauces, Store Sauces, AND FLAVOURING ESSENCES: opy.The Quantity of each Article is ACCURATELY STATED BY WEIGHT AND MEASURE: THE WHOLE BEING THE RESULT OF Actual Experiments INSTITUTED IN THE KITCHEN OF A PHYSICIAN. “Miscuit utile dulci.” The Fourth Edition. TO WHICH ARE ADDED, ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY NEW RECEIPTS, FOR PASTRY, PRESERVES, PUDDINGS, AND An Easy, Certain, and Economical, Process for preparing PICKLES, By which they will be ready in a Fortnight, and remain good for years. THE WHOLE REVISED BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE ART OF INVIGORATING LIFE BY FOOD, &c.” LONDON; PRINTED FOR A.CONSTABLE & Co. CHEAPSIDE. And sold also by all Booksellers in Town and Country. 1822. 2nd ITEM: 127 X 187mm. Autograph Letter signed By Kitchiner. Folded and addressed and written in a light ink cursive script. Dated DEcember 20th 1824
ITEM 1: 8vo. 2fep. Title page. [1] 1p Contents. Verso Advertisement for ‘The Art of Prolonging Life’. (1)vi-xviii Preface to the third and fourth editions. (1)2-36 Introduction. (1)39-526. (1)528-544 Index. 545 Farewell to the reader. [1] 2fep. Modern French binding. Half light fawn calf with marbled boards. Raised bands with very good intricate gilt tooling in the compartments and raised bands. A dark blue morocco label with gilt lettering. All edges yellow. Internally exceptionally clean. ITEM 2: A personal letter 1.5 pages with folds and conjugate blank and address panel. A very handsome desirable copy especially with the signed Kitchiner letter.
- Various editions of Kitchiner's classic are fairly common. Exceptional copies such as this one are very uncommon. The letter is for Kitchiners son's tutor Hasting Robinson of St.Johns College, Cambridge, on the care of his only son and mentioning his cookery book, 'The Cook's Oracle'.

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Antiquarian category

ref number: 11129

KOFFMANN. PIERRE One menu signed by Koffmann.
Two Menus from the original La Tante Claire Restaurant.
1. a la'Carte. 2. Carte des Desserts.
ITEM 1. 330 x 220mm. A large white elegant four-page cardboard menu. With embossed tooling and delicate blue and yellow decorative lines. The name of the restaurant is based on a raised tooled square. Inside yellow cover with a tipped-in label of a Chateauneuf-du-Pape, 1993 wine. The facing recto page is the same blind tooling is a copy of a Herni Matisse still life 118 x 95mm. Underneath signed by Koffmann with a cartoon image of a chef's head and hat. Inside two pages of an a la'carte menu. [1] Back Cover. ITEM 2. 220 x 151mm. Exactly the same elegant design and paper, with one page of desserts on the inside. Both as new. No Blemishes. Housed in a large cardboard cover with marbled paper.
- La Tante Claire opened in 1977 at 68/69 Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London SW3 4HP. The signature dish of the restaurant was [Pied de cochon aux morilles] pig's trotter with chicken mousseline, sweetbreads and morels; which when served elsewhere by Marco Pierre White, are referred to as "Pig's Trotters Pierre Koffmann". Within six years of opening, the restaurant gained its third Michelin star. It relocated from the original premises in 1998, moving to a location within The Berkeley hotel. Following the closure of the Royal Hospital Road, the premises were sold to Gordon Ramsay and would become his flagship restaurant. In the new location, the restaurant lost its third Michelin star and was reduced to two before closing in 2003. In 2009, Koffmann opened a pop-up restaurant at Selfridges Store, Oxford Street in London using the menu items from La Tante Claire. In 2010, Koffmann opened his first full-time restaurant since La Tante Claire, called 'Koffmann's' at The Berkeley Hotel, the same hotel as La Tante Claire used to be at, although at a different location within the hotel. Koffmann is a hugely admired chef within chef's circles. This is due in part to his natural modesty and the quality of his cooking speaking for him. He trained many good chefs and those that were interviewed about their observations of Koffmann, expressed very warm sentiments and praised him highly for his cuisine. His manner was in sharp contrast to the those skilled, but sometimes egotistical chefs appearing in print and TV cooking programmes. Koffmann can probably be best described, as a 'Chef's Chef'.

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Ephemera category

ref number: 11320

KOFFMANN. PIERRE - A signed copy.
La TANTE CLAIRE.
PIERRE KOFFMANN and TIMOTHY SHAW / PHOTOGRAPHS BY ANTHONY BLAKE. A square publisher's device for HEADLINE.
FIRST EDITION 1992. 285 x 215mm. 1fep. Half title with the signature, 'To Robert Hendry', and a cartoon head with a chef's cap drawn by the author. Frontis of Koffmann making fresh pasta. Title page. Publishers info. on the verso. 1p Contents. 2p Chapter 1 - Early Years. 8-61. p62-63 Chapter 2 - Early Career. 64-89. p90-91 Chapter 3 - National Service. 92-117. p118/119 Chapter 4 - England. 120-157. p158/159 Chapter 5 - La Tante Claire begins. 160-177. p178/219. Chapter 6 - La Tante Claire Success. p220-223 Index. p224 Acknowledgements. 1fep. Dark blue cloth covers with silver text on the spine. Pictorial dust-cover. Everything in fine condition as new.
- Pierre Koffmann born August 21st 1948, at Tarbes near the Pyrenees and the Spanish border. His Mother Germaine was descended from generations of Gascons. She had a hard life she did not really enjoy, living and working on the family farm. The meagre existence, hard long days of graft and survival were finally alleviated by Germaine's marriage to Albert Koffmann of Paris, who had come to work on the farm for a while. Pierre's mother and father provided him and his three siblings a solid upbringing. This book is the story of a wonderful odyssey from those early days in the country and the start of his career to England and La Tante Claire, and 3 Michelin stars that awaited him many years later. Told in text, recipes and wonderful pictures. Koffmann's cuisine does not soar into fantasy, but stays essentially, close to his Gascon and French country roots, but in his hands, cooked to a sublime degree. Great recipes, a great book and a great Chef.

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Modern category

ref number: 11321

KOFFMANN. PIERRE - A signed copy.
MEMORIES OF GASCONY.
Pierre Koffman with Timothy Shaw. Photographs by Anthony Blake. Illustrations by Christopher Corr.
FIRST EDITION 1990. 285 X 220mm. 1fep. Half-title with Koffman's signature. A double page title with Antony Blake's signature dated 12.5 90. Verso with Pub. details. p5. Contents. A photograph of Koffmann in the dining room of La Tante Claire. 7-9 Prologue. 10-13 Introduction. A double page title for Spring. 16-69. A double page title for Summer. 73-121. A double page title for Autumn. 124-185. A double page title for Winter. 188-247. 248-251 Epilogue. 252-254 Index. p255 Restaurants and Wines of Gascony. p256 Acknowledgements. 1fep. Cream coloured cloth hard cover with black text on the front and spine. d/w fine condition. The whole as new.
- Memories of Gascony centres on the Oratoire, the farmhouse of Pierre Koffmann's grandparents Marcel and Camille Cadeillan, situated in the village of Saint Puy in the heart of rural Gascony in the department of the Gers. This is an intimate account of school holidays spent helping his grandfather to harvest and hunt, and learning to treasure seasonality and the best ingredients at his grandmother's side. The finest of Gascony produce is here, with a focus on simplicity. The recipes stand the test of time. While you read the charming stories of everyday life on the farm, especially the foods available thro' each season, you'll understand the loss today, where foods shipped and available from all corners of the globe, at any time of the year, has wiped out the anticipation and delight seasonal tastes will bring. Read about Koffmann's Gascony dishes; 'Dandelion salad with bacon and poached egg', 'Grilled chicken with shallots and vinaigrette'. 'Greengages in armagnac' in Spring'; 'Chicken liver pate with capers'. 'Bayonne ham tart with garlic'. 'Oeufs a la neige' in Summer; 'Roast hare with mustard and beetroot'. 'Salt cod cassoulet and quince jelly' in Autumn; 'Fried eggs with foie gras, potato and bacon'. 'Pie and tarte aux pruneaux' in Winter; This is a book to love and learn great cooking from. Koffmann first worked as a chef in Strasbourg and Toulon, before moving in 1970 to the UK to work with Michel and Albert Roux at Le Gavroche. He originally only wanted to move to the UK so that he could see England play France at rugby at Twickenham Stadium. He then moved to the Roux brothers' Waterside Inn in Bray, Berkshire, in 1972, being made the first head chef of the new restaurant, where he met his future wife Annie who was the restaurant's manager. He opened his own first restaurant, La Tante Claire, in 1977 in Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea. During his time at La Tante Claire, Koffmann worked and trained several chefs, including Gordon Ramsay, Marco Pierre White, Marcus Wareing and Tom Kitchin soon to share the same eminence. This is a great cook book that was recognised and awarded the Glenfiddich Food Book of the Year in 1991.

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Modern category

ref number: 11322

Kollist. E. J.
French Pastry, Confectionery and Sweets: Continental Dishes
FRENCH PASTRY, CONFECTIONARY AND SWEETS CONTINENTAL DISHES BY E.J. KOLLIST Chef Patissier WITH SEVENTY-SIX HALF-TONE ILLUSTRATIONS (a printer's device) CASSELL & COMPANY LTD. LONDON, TORONTO, MELBOURNE & SYDNEY
FIRST EDITION 1929. 255X165mm. 1fep. Half title. [2] Frontispiece of two Royal Icing Stands. Title Page. Verso with publishing date. v Preface. [1] vii-viii Introduction. ix Guide to Sections. [1] xi-xxvi Contents. xxvii-xxviii list of Illustrations. Section half title. [1] 3-268. 1fep. Original light brown cloth boards with 1/4 red cloth spine with gilt lettering. Externally and internally very clean with light foxing on the blank on back of the frontis. A fine copy not usually found in this condition.
- Based on Kollist's twenty nine years of extensive experience as Chief Patissier and Confectioner at Claridge's and the Savoy hotels in London as well as Confectioner on the Cunard ships Mauretania, Lusitania and Laconia. His book is not confined just to pastry. In total it includes fifteen sections of all the areas of the Patissier’s trade; Paste and Dough, Pastries, Flans and Gateaux, Petit-fours, Confectionery; sugar baskets, spun sugar, toffee, nougats, chocolates etc; English Puddings, Sauces, Souffles, Ices , Sorbets and Bombes, Fruit Dishes, Russian Specialities such as tvoroque, coulibiac and piroshki as well as several plates of decorative ice carving and including seventy five half tone illustrations in-text. This is a book from a professional chef aimed largely at other professionals. A fairly common book, but never the less an important item in any good and representative collection of antiquarian and modern pastry and confectionery books.

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Modern category

ref number: 11033

Kriegl. Georg Christof ITEM # 1. Rare. A limited number for VIP guests.
Erb-Huldigung,
ITEM # 1. Welche der Allerdurchleuchtigst-Grobmachtigsten FRAUEN/FRAUEN MARIAE THERESIAE, Zu Hungarn,r und Boheim Konigin, Alls Ertz-Herzogin zu Oesterreich, Von Denen gesammten Nider-Oesterreichischen Standen/ von Tralaten/ Herren/ Rittern/ auch Stadt und Meardten alleruntertbanigft abgeleget Den 22. Novembris Anno 1740. Und auf Verordnung [sec.] ohl-ermelten Loblichen Herren Standen/ mit allen Umstanden ausfuhrlich beschrieden worden Duch Herrn Georg Christoph Kriegl/ einer Lobl. Sci. Dest. Landschaft Syndicum. (Elaborate printer's border device) Gedruckt zu Wienn in Oesterreich, Ben Yohann Baptist Schilgen, einer Hochlobl. Nider-Oesterreichischen Landschaft Buchbrudern.
FIRST AND SOLE EDITION. 17.3"x11" (280x440mm) Large folio. 1fep. Engraved frontispiece of Empress Mariae-Theresiae. [1] Title page in red and black. [1] (1)4-92. 1fep. With eleven beautiful engraved plates; 4 single page, 1 very long extended 3'11" folding plate of the coronation procession, (see image #6 below) and 6 double page (some of them showing the banquets set up for the ceremony guests). The large folding plate has had a tear expertly repaired. The frontispiece slightly brittle at the edges but not affecting the engraving. Internally very clean with wide 2.5" margins. Full contemporary dark brown calf with a blind stamped coat of arms of the Archduchy of Austria in faded gilt on the top board and those of Austria-Enns on the lower board.. A very handsome copy with a nice patina.
- A magnificent book, that is a testimonial work to commemorate the ceremony of homage (Erbhuldigung) a month after the coronation of Mariae Theresa of Austria, on October 20th, 1740, who succeeded to the throne from her father, Charles VI of Habsburg. Printed in a limited number of copies to be distributed to entitled guests. The last 6 of the magnificent engraved copper plates depict richly laid tables for the royal lunch with the guests already at the table and with a list of the entitled ones. The plates engraved by Muller GA from drawings by A. Altomonte, who was architect and engineer of the court. Six of the plates were first used in Gulich’s description of the entry of Joseph 1 on 22nd September, 1705. This is an uncommon and very scarce book. The plates are especially interesting to the cookery book collector, in that they convey the laid tables and lavish banqueting set-up for the highest layer of Austrian society of that time.

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Antiquarian category

ref number: 11046

KRIEGL. GEORGE CHRISTOF ITEM # 2. Royal Seal of Maria Theresia Christina.
Wachssiegelplatten
of von Maria Theresia v. Österreich.
ITEM # 2. 263 x 165 mm. The seal housed in a solid clam-shell box with red felt cushioned cloth. The boards dark brown cloth and dark brown leather quarter spine with raised bands. 2 red labels with gilt lettering. A handsome item.
- Since the 15th century, Royals and lesser important persons had their own seals created to seal their own official letters/envelopes etc. The seal would be in the form of a large desk seal, seal fob or very small seal ring. The original seal would be especially commissioned and be of excellent clarity and quality. When the seal was bought, the seal engraver would send through a sample wax impression in a fine lidded case for the purchaser to check the clarity of the impression. This Royal Seal wax impression presented to Maria Theresa of Austria is such an example. The seals were also made to be attached to important royal deeds, charters etc. These deeds were in parchment or velum and would sometimes be signed by the Queen. They would mostly be chirographs or indentures. Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina: 13 May 1717 to 29 November 1780, was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, ruling from 1740 until her death in 1780. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. Though she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa was the absolute sovereign who ruled with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. However, she despised the Jews and the Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism. Whatever her weaknesses her reign produced lasting benefits.

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